{"id":9148,"date":"2018-08-20T06:17:51","date_gmt":"2018-08-20T06:17:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.worldofmastermind.com\/?p=9148"},"modified":"2022-02-16T05:26:38","modified_gmt":"2022-02-16T05:26:38","slug":"%e4%b8%8d%e5%8f%af%e6%80%9d%e8%ad%b0%e7%9a%84%e9%87%8f%e5%ad%90%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%b8-how-much-you-know-about-quantum-physics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.worldofmastermind.com\/?p=9148","title":{"rendered":"\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8b70\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78 (How much do we know about Quantum Field Theory?)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4e00\u3001\u524d\u8a00<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u4fe1\u5805\u8fd1\u65e5\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u982d\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u4fe1\u5805\u5728\u65e9\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u7cbe\u83ef\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u6d78\u6deb\u65bc\u91cf\u5b50\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u6eff\u61f7\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u52e4\u82e6\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u6210\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u534a\u9014\u6539\u884c\uff0c\u771f\u6127\u5c0d\u5e2b\u9577\u7684\u671f\u671b\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u57fa\u790e\u7269\u7406\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u666f\u7684\u60b2\u89c0\u5224\u65b7: \u65e2\u7136\u5df2\u932f\u904e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u7684\u8ef8\u5fc3\u6642\u4ee3 (1850-1950), \u4e0b\u6b21\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u6700\u5c11\u8981\u5728\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u751f\u9577\u3001\u6210\u719f\u6a5f\u7de3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6bc5\u7136\u8f49\u884c\u81f3\u61c9\u7528\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u9032\u5165\u592a\u7a7a\u885b\u661f\u79d1\u6280\uff0c\u671f\u671b\u5728\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3b\u4efb\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u8eab\u5206\uff0c\u8a2d\u8a08\u3001\u88fd\u9020\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u3001\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u8cc7\u6599\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u4e86\u4e09\u9846\u4eba\u9020\u885b\u661f\uff0c\u4f3c\u6709\u5c0f\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u751f\u6240\u9418\u597d\uff0c\u4ecd\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u672c\u884c\u3002<\/strong>
\n\"q11\"<\/a> \"q12\"<\/a> \"q13\"<\/a>
\n\u8fd1\u65e5\u56e0\u7de3\u805a\u6703\uff0c\u56de\u982d\u91cd\u770b\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u542b\u7684\u6df1\u7fa9\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u4ee5\u524d\u90fd\u662f\u767d\u5b78\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f9d\u6587\u89e3\u7fa9\uff0c\u5b78\u5f97\u819a\u6dfa\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u771f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u4e0b\u6b21\u7a81\u7834\u6240\u61c9\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u8207\u6240\u9808\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u7cca\u88e1\u7cca\u5857\u7684\u904e\u4e86\u4e00\u751f\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u58ef\u58eb\u66ae\u5e74\uff0c\u96c4\u5fc3\u672a\u5df2\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u5e7e\u5929\u7684\u60e1\u88dc\uff0c\u5438\u6536\u5c0d\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u53ca\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u7565\u6709\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u7a0d\u52a0\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u5f35\u8cbc\u5728\u6b64\u5712\u5730\u3002\u671f\u671b\u6b64\u6587\u5c0d\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u6709\u5fd7\u8b80\u7269\u88e1\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u5f8c\u8f29\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u555f\u767c\uff0c\u5171\u8944\u76db\u8209\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u73fe\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u5169\u5927\u652f\u67f1\u3002\u4f46\u554f\u984c\u662f\u5169\u8005\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u4e92\u88dc\u7684\u3002\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u89e3\u91cb\u5b8f\u89c0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7c97\u7377\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u5927\u800c\u7121\u5916\uff0c\u8ac7\u8ad6\u6642\u7a7a\u3001\u7269\u8cea\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u50b3\u64ad\u53d7\u6709\u9650\u5149\u901f\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u73fe\u8c61\u7686\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u89e3\u8aaa\u5fae\u89c0\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5c0f\u800c\u7121\u5167\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6642\u7a7a\uff0c\u51e1\u6240\u6709\u76f8\uff0c\u7686\u662f\u865b\u5e7b\u3002\u4e00\u542b\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5728\u4e00\u4e2d\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u6709\u611f\u9042\u901a\u3001\u9053\u901a\u70ba\u4e00\u3002\u9019\u8ddf\u83ef\u56b4\u4e00\u771f\u6cd5\u754c\uff0c\u8af8\u6cd5\u5be6\u76f8\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u8fd1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u806f\u5408\u6b64\u4e8c\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u4ee5\u842c\u7269\u4e00\u9ad4\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u3002\u5373\u4ee5”\u9053” \u6216”\u81ea\u6027”\u7684\u672c\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u7269\u6216\u53ea\u504f\u91cd\u65bc\u4e00\u9580\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u540c\u6642\u4fe1\u5805\u7279\u5225\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u5c07\u4e0a\u6587 “\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u8cea<\/a>“\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u81f3\u516d\u5927\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u4e26\u8a73\u7d30\u89e3\u8aaa\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u82b1\u4e86\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u653b\u592b\uff0c\u8a2d\u8a08\u76f8\u7576\u7cbe\u6e96\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u4f86\u8b49\u5be6\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5049\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u8840\u6c57\u7d50\u6676\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u6b64\u6587\u76f8\u7576\u9577\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u5c0d\u666e\u901a\u8b80\u8005\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u76f8\u7576\u96e3\u61c2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u660e\u6642\uff0c\u53ea\u63cf\u8ff0\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u539f\u7406\u8207\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u7a74\u4f86\u98a8\u3001\u4e0d\u662f\u7d14\u5047\u8a2d\u6216\u7d14\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u3002\u8af8\u6cd5\u5be6\u76f8\uff0c\u96d6\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8b70\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u89e3\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f46\u8070\u660e\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u537b\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u5be6\u8b49\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u771f\u611f\u8b1d\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u70ba\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u7684\u7121\u79c1\u8ca2\u737b\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u90fd\u662f\u7b1b\u5361\u723e “\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6” \u60f9\u7684\u798d<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u4e0a\u53e4\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u8207\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u842c\u7269\u5408\u70ba\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u5fc3\u9748\u76f8\u901a\u3002\u548c\u8ae7\u5171\u8655\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u8f49\u6369\u9ede\u2014\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\uff08Ren\u00e9 Descartes\uff09\u5c07\u5fc3\u9748\u548c\u7269\u8cea\u4e8c\u5206\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6df1\u6df1\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u5f8c\u4e16\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u601d\u7dad\uff0c\u5c07\u4eba\u985e\u5e36\u9032\u4e86\u552f\u7269\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u812b\u96e2\u4e86\u5fc3\u9748\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u81ea\u7b1b\u5361\u5152\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u8a8d\u70ba\u7269\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u610f\u8b58\u662f\u5728\u7269\u8cea\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u7684\u526f\u7522\u54c1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u552f\u7269\u70ba\u4e3b\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u9818\u4eba\u985e\u9032\u5165\u7d55\u5883\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4fe1\u5805\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u9019\u689d\u86c7\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u985e\u5f9e\u6b64\u88ab\u9010\u51fa\u4e86\u4f0a\u7538\u5712\u4e86 (Garden of Eden), \u5f9e\u6b64\u6c89\u6dea\u516d\u9053\uff0c\u4f86\u5230\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6c38\u52ab\u53d7\u82e6\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u52d2\u5167\u00b7\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\uff08Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 1596\uff0d1650\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6cd5\u570b\u8457\u540d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u5c0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u56e0\u5c07\u5e7e\u4f55\u5750\u6a19\u9ad4\u7cfb\u516c\u5f0f\u5316\u800c\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u89e3\u6790\u5e7e\u4f55\u4e4b\u7236\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6 (\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9) \u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u540d\u8a00\u300c\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u300d\uff08\u300c\u601d\u8003\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u300c\u666e\u904d\u61f7\u7591\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u73fe\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u8b49\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u53bb\u8b49\u660e\u6211\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7b1b\u5361\u5152\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u61c9\u8a72\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7406\u6027\u2014\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u6bd4\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u3002\u4ed6\u5f9e\u908f\u8f2f\u3001\u5e7e\u4f55\u548c\u4ee3\u6578\u5b78\u4e2d\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u4e0b\u9762\u5e7e\u689d\u898f\u5247\uff1a<\/strong>
\n – \u6211\u61f7\u7591\u6545\u6211\u5728\uff0c”\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728”\u3002\u56e0\u6b64 “\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684”\u3002<\/strong>
\n -\u300c\u6211\u300d\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u8089\u9ad4\u7684\u3001\u5728\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/strong>
\n – \u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89ba\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u61f7\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fe1\u4efb\u6211\u5011\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u3002<\/strong>
\n – \u7d55\u4e0d\u627f\u8a8d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u70ba\u771f\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u624d\u8996\u70ba\u771f\u7406\uff1b<\/strong>
\n – \u9664\u4e86\u5c6c\u6027\u300c\u601d\u300d\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5c6c\u6027\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u6211\u5206\u96e2\u958b\u3002<\/strong>
\n– \u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5171\u6709\u5169\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u65e2\u601d\u8003 (\u5fc3\u9748) \u548c\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c (\u7269\u8cea)\u3002[\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6] <\/strong>
\n– \u5fc5\u9808\u5c07\u6bcf\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5206\u6210\u82e5\u5e72\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4f86\u8655\u7406\uff1b\u601d\u60f3\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u7c21\u55ae\u5230\u8907\u96dc\uff1b<\/strong>
\n -\u300c\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u771f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7d93\u7531\u8b49\u660e\u904e\u5f8c\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u908f\u8f2f\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u4ee5\u201c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u201d\u4f86\u63a2\u7a76\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u5fd8\u537b\u4e86”\u5fc3\u9748”\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5728\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u7684\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\u4e0b\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u985e\u8ddf\u4e16\u754c\u758f\u96e2\u7684\u547d\u904b\u5f9e\u6b64\u7121\u53ef\u633d\u56de\u2014\u8c61\u7259\u5854\u5167\u7684\u201c\u6211\u201d\u5b64\u7acb\u65bc\u5176\u5468\u906d\u7684\u975c\u6b62\u4e0d\u52d5\u3001\u6c92\u6709\u611f\u89ba\u3001\u5916\u5728\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5fc3\u9748\u548c\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u5206\u96e2\uff0c\u6700\u986f\u8457\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u5f9e\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u805a\u7126\u7269\u8cea\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\u5176\u56fa\u6709\u898f\u5f8b\u70ba\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u5177\u6709\u5fc3\u9748\u7b49\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u88cf\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u5168\u529b\u63a2\u7a76\u7269\u8cea\u4e16\u754c\u53ca\u5176\u56fa\u6709\u898f\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53d6\u5f97\u76f8\u7576\u9a55\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u7e3e\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4ee5\u81f3\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u7684\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5fc3\u9748\u201d\u8b8a\u5f97\u53ef\u6709\u53ef\u7121\u3002\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u54f2\u5b78\u88cf\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u201c\u751f\u547d\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5fc3\u667a\u201d\u6216\u201c\u610f\u8b58\u201d\u7b49\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5e72\u9810\uff0c\u90fd\u8b8a\u6210\u662f\u591a\u9918\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9010\u6f38\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u201c\u8ff7\u4fe1\u201d\u3002\u5fc3\u9748\u66fe\u7d93\u88ab\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u8996\u70ba\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9996\u8981\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u537b\u6210\u70ba\u9644\u5728\u7269\u8cea\u3001\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9019\u5c01\u9589\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4e0a\uff0c\u7121\u95dc\u5b8f\u65e8\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u9019\u500b\u7d04\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7bc4\u5f0f\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u4eab\u6709\u4e3b\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u79d1\u5b78\u9019\u4e9b\u7bc4\u7587\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u8a8d\u8b58\u5927\u8166\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u7dda\u8def\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u91cb\u5fc3\u9748\u6216\u610f\u8b58\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6a5f\u5236\u90fd\u5728\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u9375\u7b49\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u904b\u4f5c\u3002\u610f\u8b58\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9644\u5e36\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u8166\u88cf\u767c\u751f\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u526f\u7522\u54c1\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u3002\u5176\u6839\u672c\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684 “\u6211”\uff0c\u662f\u5fc3\u610f\u8b58\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u81ea\u6211 (ego)\uff0c\u4f5b\u7d93\u53eb\u7b2c\u516b\u963f\u8cf4\u8036\u8b58\u3002\u662f\u81ea\u6027\u4e00\u5ff5\u7121\u660e\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6027\u672c\u5177\u7684\u667a\u6167\u5fb7\u80fd\u3002\u5b83\u96a8\u9806\u7121\u660e\u7fd2\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u601d\u7dad\uff0c\u96a8\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u9748\u6027\u968e\u5c64\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u5c0d\u4e8b\u7406\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u8a8d\u77e5\u3002\u4f5b\u7d93\u8aaa\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u8f49\u8b58\u6210\u667a\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u6b63\u77e5\u6b63\u898b\u6b63\u6c7a\u64c7\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\uff0c\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u5206\u5225\u3001\u57f7\u8457\u3002\u662f\u516d\u9053\u8f2a\u8ff4\u7684\u6839\u672c\u3002\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u662f “\u842c\u7269\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u5fc3\u7269\u5408\u4e00”\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u898b\u6027\u6210\u4f5b\u7684\u4e0d\u4e8c\u6cd5\u9580\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684 “\u5fc5\u9808\u5c07\u6bcf\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5206\u6210\u82e5\u5e72\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4f86\u8655\u7406\uff1b\u601d\u60f3\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u7c21\u55ae\u5230\u8907\u96dc” \u53ea\u5c0d\u4e86\u4e00\u534a\u3002\u8981\u5f9e\u7c21\u55ae\u5230\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u6709\u7121\u9650\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u552f\u6709\u4e86\u77e5\u842c\u7269\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5c07\u7c21\u55ae\u62fc\u6e4a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u3001\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u505c\u5e36\u4e0d\u524d\u7684\u4e3b\u56e0\u3002\u7531\u7247\u9762\u6216\u5c40\u90e8\uff0c\u800c\u60f3\u6b63\u78ba\u4e86\u89e3\u6574\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u5984\u60f3\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406<\/span><\/strong>
\n \u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u6709\u4e0b\u9762\u516d\u5927\u7279\u5fb5:<\/strong>
\n 3.1 \u72c0\u614b\u758a\u52a0 (superposition of states)<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u7528\u591a\u7dad\u6ce2\u52d5\u51fd\u6578\u4f86\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u6eff\u8db3\u4e00\u500b\u7dda\u6027\u8907\u6578\u6ce2\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f (linear complex wave equation), \u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u662f\u76f8\u52a0\u6027\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6642\u6ce2\u51fd\u6578\u4e0d\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7121\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u7030\u6f2b\u5728\u7121\u9650\u6642\u7a7a\u88e1\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.2 \u6e2c\u4e0d\u6e96\u539f\u7406 (uncertainty principle)\uff0c<\/span>\u758a\u52a0\u614b\u7121\u6cd5\u7cbe\u78ba\u6e2c\u91cf;<\/strong>
\n \u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u6642\u7cbe\u6e96\u7684\u6e2c\u91cf\u4e00\u9846\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u76f8\u61c9\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.3 \u5fae\u89c0\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6ce2\u7c92\u4e8c\u5143\u6027<\/strong> (Particle-wave duality)<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u91cf\u5b50\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u7d93\u5178\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u6ce2\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7d93\u5178\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u3002\u5373\u5149(\u6cdb\u6307\u96fb\u78c1\u6ce2) \u8207\u7d44\u6210\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50 (\u5982\u96fb\u5b50\u3001\u8cea\u5b50\u3001\u4e2d\u5b50\u3001\u5938\u514b)\u7b49\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5177\u6709\u6ce2 (wave) \u8207 \u7c92\u5b50(particle) \u7684\u6027\u8cea\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u5305\u62ec\u4e0b\u9762\u56db\u500b\u975e\u6211\u5011\u5fc3\u610f\u8b58\u6240\u80fd\u4e86\u77e5\u7684\u7279\u6027:<\/strong>
\n – \u5b83\u5011\u65e2\u662f\u6ce2\u4e5f\u662f\u7c92\u5b50 (\u662f\u6ce2\u662f\u7c92)\uff1b<\/strong>
\n – \u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u6ce2\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7c92\u5b50 (\u4f3c\u6ce2\u975e\u6ce2\uff0c\u4f3c\u7c92\u975e\u7c92)\uff1b<\/strong>
\n – \u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u6ce2\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u7c92\u5b50 (\u975e\u6ce2\u975e\u7c92)\uff1b<\/strong>
\n – \u65e2\u5177\u6709\u6ce2\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6027\u8cea\u53c8\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u6ce2\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6027\u8cea\u53c8\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6027\u8cea\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4f3c\u6ce2\uff1a\u5b83\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u5e72\u6d89 (interference) \u548c\u884d\u5c04 (diffraction)\u3002\u975e\u6ce2\uff1a\u6c92\u6709\u5c0d\u61c9\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u91cf\uff0cw\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u6a5f\u7387\u4f86\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u4f3c\u7c92\uff1a\u6709\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\u3001\u96fb\u8377\u3002\u975e\u7c92\u5b50\uff1a\u6c92\u6709\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u8ecc\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u5718\u9727\u822c\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.4 \u771f\u7a7a\u4e0d\u7a7a\uff0c\u771f\u7a7a\u5999\u6709\uff0c\u524e\u90a3\u751f\u6ec5\u3002(Vacuum Polarization)\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\n 1900\u5e74\u666e\u6717\u514b\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u80fd\u91cf\u5b50\u5047\u8aaa\u3002\u6b64\u5f8c\uff0c\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u91cb\u5149\u96fb\u6548\u61c9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u5047\u8aaa\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f85\u4f9d\uff08Louis Victor de Broglie, 1892\uff0d1987\uff09\u65bc1923\u5e74\u628a\u5149\u7684\u6ce2\u7c92\u4e8c\u5143\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u5ee3\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6ce2\u7c92\u4e8c\u8c61\u6027\u5047\u8aaa\uff0c1927\u5e74\u9019\u4e00\u5047\u8aaa\u88ab\u96fb\u5b50\u675f\u884d\u5c04\u5be6\u9a57\u6240\u8b49\u5be6\u3002\u5fae\u89c0\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6ce2\u7c92\u4e8c\u8c61\u6027\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8a95\u751f\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u771f\u7a7a\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u5834\u8ad6 (Quantum Field Theory) \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u90fd\u8207\u67d0\u7a2e\u5834\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\uff0c\u5c07\u5834\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u5f8c\uff0c\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5c31\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u5834\u91cf\u5b50\u3002\u7576\u7a7a\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u90a3\u7a2e\u91cf\u5b50\u5834\u8655\u65bc\u6fc0\u767c\u614b\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u91cf\u5b50\u5834\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u50cf\u7d93\u5178\u5834\u90a3\u6a23\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u201c\u51cd\u7d50\u201d\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5177\u6709\u96f6\u9ede\u632f\u76ea\u6216\u96f6\u9ede\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u5176\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7c92\u5b50\u6642\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u91cf\u5b50\u5834\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u8aaa\u5b83\u8655\u65bc\u57fa\u614b\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6309\u7167\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u771f\u7a7a\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e00\u9ede\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7a7a\uff0c\u5176\u5167\u90e8\u6c38\u9060\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u5404\u7a2e\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5834\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u5834\u90fd\u8655\u65bc\u57fa\u614b\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u5fae\u6ce2\u6280\u8853\u548c\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9032\u6b65\uff0c1947\u5e74\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u6e2c\u51fa\u4e86\u6c2b\u539f\u5b502S1\/2\u3000\u548c2P1\/2\u80fd\u6975\u9593\u78ba\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u5fae\u5c0f\u5dee\u5225\uff0c\u6b64\u5373\u862d\u59c6\u79fb\u4f4d\uff08Lamb shift\uff09\u3002\u7576\u4eba\u5011\u7528\u771f\u7a7a\u6975\u5316\u7406\u8ad6\u5c0d\u6b64\u9032\u884c\u8a08\u7b97\u6642\uff0c\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u503c\u8207\u5be6\u9a57\u503c\u9a5a\u4eba\u5730\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

1948\u5e74\uff0c\u8377\u862d\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u2027\u5361\u897f\u7c73\u723e\uff08Hendrik Casimir\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5361\u897f\u7c73\u723e\u6548\u61c9\uff08Casimir effect\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u6839\u64da\u91cf\u5b50\u5834\u8ad6\u89e3\u91cb\u300c\u771f\u7a7a\u4e0d\u7a7a\u300d\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u6c92\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u771f\u7a7a\u4ecd\u6709\u80fd\u91cf\u6f32\u843d\u3002\u771f\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u7c92\u5b50\u8207\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\u5c0d\uff0c\u5ffd\u73fe\u5ffd\u6ec5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a0a\u865f\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u91cf\u5b50\u6ce2\u52d5(quantum fluctuation)\u3002<\/strong>\u8acb\u53c3\u770b “\u5361\u897f\u7c73\u723e\u6548\u61c9 (Casimir Effect) \u8207\u771f\u7a7a\u5999\u6709\u3001\u524e\u90a3\u751f\u6ec5<\/a>” \u4ee5\u53ca\u00a0<\/strong>\u518d\u7e8c\uff1a\u5361\u897f\u7c73\u723e\u6548\u61c9\u300c\u771f\u7a7a\u5999\u6709\uff0c\u5239\u90a3\u751f\u6ec5\u300d\u3002<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

3.5 \u975e\u5c40\u57df\u6027 (non-local)\u3001\u975e\u5be6\u5728\u6027 (non-real-existence)\u3002<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5df2\u7d93\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u884c\u70ba\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u6539\u8b8a\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.6 \u91cf\u5b50\u7cfe\u7e8f (quantum entanglement)<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u88cf\uff0c\u7576\u5e7e\u500b\u7c92\u5b50\u5728\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5404\u500b\u7c92\u5b50\u6240\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5df2\u7d9c\u5408\u6210\u70ba\u6574\u9ad4\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u55ae\u7368\u63cf\u8ff0\u5404\u500b\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u63cf\u8ff0\u6574\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u73fe\u8c61\u70ba\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfe\u7e8f\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u7531\u4e00\u500b\u7c92\u5b50\u5206\u88c2\u6210\u5169\u500b\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u79fb\u52d5\uff0c\u5247\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u5011\u8ddd\u96e2\u591a\u9060\uff0c\u90fd\u80fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e92\u77e5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u89c0\u5ff5\u767c\u5c55\u53f2\u53ca\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u660e<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u4fe1\u5805\u5728\u6b64\u6bb5\u4ecb\u7d39\u91cf\u5b50\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7cbe\u5f69\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u9593\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u6b64\u6bb5\u7279\u5225\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u6700\u8fd1\u5be6\u9a57\u5c0d \u7d93\u5178\u7269\u7406\u7684 \u5b9a\u57df\u6027 (locality) \u548c\u5be6\u5728\u6027(reality) \u7684\u53cd\u8b49\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ca\u610f\u8b58 (consciousness) \u8207\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u4e00\u5143\u6027\u3002\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86 \u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u7684 “\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u7fa9”\uff0c\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u8001\u7684”\u842c\u7269\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u552f\u5fc3\uff0c\u53ca\u5fc3\u7269\u5408\u4e00” \u8a00\u8ad6\u3002(\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u89e3\u8aaa\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u51fa\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8a2d\u8a08\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u8b49\u660e\u4e0a\u8ff03.5 \u53ca3.6 \u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u3002)\u9019\u4e9b\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5c0d\u6574\u500b\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u9707\u64bc\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u662f\u865b\u5e7b\u4e0d\u5be6\uff0c\u842c\u7269\u4e00\u9ad4\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.1\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u7269\u7406\u89c0\u5ff5: \u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u3001\u8207\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u3002<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u6642\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5728\u89e3\u8aaa\u6240\u6709\u7269\u7406\u73fe\u8c61\u6642\uff0c\u90fd\u4f9d\u8cf4\u5169\u7a2e\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u7269\u88e1\u89c0\u5ff5 (\u5047\u8a2d): \u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u8207\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u3002\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u539f\u7406\uff08Principle of locality\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u7a31\u5c40\u57df\u6027\u539f\u7406\u3001\u5340\u57df\u6027\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u7269\u9ad4\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u5b83\u9031\u570d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8d85\u5149\u901f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.1.1\u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u201c\u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u201d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6771\u897f\u5728\u7a7a\u9593\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u6771\u897f\u53ea\u4f54\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u501f\u7a7a\u9593\u50b3\u9001\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u884c\u70ba\u2014\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u201d\u2014\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u6771\u897f\u4e92\u52d5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6839\u64da\u7d93\u5178\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u67d0\u4e00\u9ede\u7684\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5834\uff0c\u6703\u6210\u70ba\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002\u8981\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u9ede\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6ce2\u6216\u662f\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u884c\u7d93\u5169\u9ede\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u624d\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u6839\u64da\u72f9\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u548c\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u8207\u50b3\u64ad\u901f\u5ea6\u5747\u7121\u6cd5\u8d85\u904e\u5149\u901f\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u50b3\u64ad\u9700\u8981\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9650\u70ba\u5149\u901f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u539f\u7406\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u9ede\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7acb\u5373\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u5149\u901f\u66f4\u5feb\u3002\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u8d85\u8ddd\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.1.2\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u7121\u8ad6\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u66f2\u89e3\u9019\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u8eab\u5916\u59cb\u7d42\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u5e36\u8457\u5ba2\u89c0\u8cea\u7d20\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u9019\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e16\u754c\u7406\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3001\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.2 EPR \u6096\u8ad6\uff08Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox)<\/strong><\/span>
\n 1935\u5e74\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766-\u6ce2\u591a\u65af\u57fa-\u7f85\u68ee\uff08Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, EPR)\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u8db3\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5099\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u5047\u8a2d\u6211\u5011\u65e5\u5e38\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u5373\u5340\u57df\u6027\u8207\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7531\u6b64\u6096\u8ad6\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u7531\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5f15\u7533\u51fa\u4f86\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u7e8f\u7d50\u201d (entanglement\uff09\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8352\u8b2c\uff0c\u9055\u53cd\u5e38\u7406\u3002\u9019\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u201cEPR\u6096\u8ad6”\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

[\u4fe1\u5805\u8a3b: \u6096\u8ad6 (paradox) \u662f\u6307\u57fa\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u547d\u984c\u8207\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u6240\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u548c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002 \u7e8f\u7d50 (entanglement) \u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7d71\u9593\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u201c\u8d85\u8ddd\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\u3002\u201c\u7e8f\u7d50\u201d\u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u6307\u5169\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u9593\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6c38\u9060\u76f8\u9023\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5169\u8005\u671d\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u8d70\u4e86\u591a\u9060\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u59cb\u7d42\u4e92\u76f8\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u6c38\u9060\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u91cf\u5ea6\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7acb\u5373\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6beb\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ee5\u8d85\u5149\u901f\u5f7c\u6b64\u50b3\u905e! ]<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.3 \u8c9d\u723e\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f (Bell’s Inequality)<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u5f8c (1964\u5e74 \uff0c\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u53bb\u4e16\u5f8c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5e74)\uff0c\u624d\u7531\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u8c9d\u723e\uff08John Bell\uff09\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u6e2c\u8a66EPR\u6096\u8ad6\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4ee4\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u754c\u91cd\u65b0\u95dc\u6ce8”EPR\u5be6\u9a57”\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8c9d\u723e\u6700\u8070\u660e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u662f\u4ed6\u4e0d\u7406\u6703EPR\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u7269\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\u548c\u6cd5\u5247\u800c\u53ea\u805a\u7126\u5176\u908f\u8f2f\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u4ed6\u627e\u51fa\u4e26\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u7d93\u5178\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u6211\u5011\u65e5\u5e38\u601d\u8003\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u5169\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u5c07\u9019\u5169\u500b\u7279\u6027\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u201d\uff08realism\uff09\u548c\u201c\u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u201d\uff08locality\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8c9d\u723e\u5b9a\u7406\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f03\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u7b26\u5408 “\u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u53ca\u5be6\u5728\u6027”\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6709\u95dc\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9810\u6e2c\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u9a5a\u5947\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5426\u5be6\u5728\u7684\uff08realistic\uff09\u548c\u5b9a\u57df\u7684\uff08local\uff09\u201d\u9019\u500b\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u5be6\u9a57\u6e2c\u77e5\uff01\u8c9d\u723e\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u80fd\u7528\u5177\u9ad4\u5be6\u9a57\u4f86\u9a57\u8b49ERP\u6096\u8ad6\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5c31\u50cf\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u8c9d\u723e\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u201c\u5b9a\u57df\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u201d\uff1a\u5373\u4e00\u500b\u7c92\u5b50\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5373\u6642\u5730\u88ab\u4e00\u500b\u9060\u8655\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u89c0\u6e2c\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8c9d\u723e\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b78\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u91cf\u5316\u5730\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5c0d\u4e00\u5c0d\u7cfe\u7e8f\u7c92\u5b50\u9032\u884c\u89c0\u6e2c\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u5f97\u51fa\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b9a\u57df\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c0d\u5169\u500b\u7cfe\u7e8f\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5404\u81ea\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u89c0\u6e2c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u8d85\u51fa\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u91cf\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7c92\u5b50\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u97ff\u662f\u4ee5\u5149\u901f\u50b3\u64ad\u7684\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684 “\u8c9d\u723e\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f” (Bell Inequality).<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.4 \u611b\u65af\u6d3e\u514b\u7279\uff08Aspect\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5c0f\u7d44\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfe\u7e8f \u7684\u5be6\u9a57<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u4eba\u54e1\u65bc\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u8b93\u5be6\u9a57\u6210\u771f\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u57281970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0d\u65b7\u91cd\u8907\u9032\u884cEPR\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u57281980\u5e74\u7531\u827e\u502b\u00b7\u611b\u65af\u6d3e\u514b\u7279\uff08Alain Aspect\uff09\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u30021982\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7d50\u679c\u662f\uff1a\u8c9d\u723e\u516c\u5f0f\u8207\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u9810\u6e2c\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u963f\u65af\u6d3e\u514b\u7279\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u65e2\u662f\u5b9a\u57df\u7684\u53c8\u662f\u5be6\u5728\u7684\u2014\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u8ddf\u4ed6\u7684\u5169\u500b\u5b78\u751f\u90fd\u932f\u4e86!<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.5 \u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728? \u840a\u683c\u7279\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f “Leggett’s inequality”)<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u4f46\u611b\u65af\u6d3e\u514b\u7279\uff08Alain Aspect\uff09\u5c0f\u7d44\u53ea\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u3002\u5230\u5e95\u662f \u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\u6216\u662f\u5b9a\u57df\u6027\uff08realism or locality\uff09\u662f\u932f\u4e86\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u932f\u4e86\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u65e9\u5728\u963f\u65af\u6d3e\u514b\u7279\u9032\u884c\u4ed6\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u4e4b\u524d (1976\u5e74)\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u5b89\u6771\u5c3c\u00b7\u840a\u683c\u7279\uff08Anthony Leggett\uff09\u60f3\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4ed6\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u5167\u6838\u201d\uff08the kernel\uff09\u7684\u8fa6\u6cd5\u4fee\u6539\u8c9d\u723e\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\u626d\u8f49\uff1a\u4ed6\u91cf\u5316\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u5373\u5047\u8a2d\u9060\u7a0b\u3001\u5373\u6642\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u6301\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u89c0\u6e2c\u7cfe\u7e8f\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u6642\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7d50\u679c? \u840a\u683c\u7279\u5f8c\u4f86\u57282003\u5e74\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u516c\u5f0f (\u53eb “\u840a\u683c\u7279\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f, “Leggett’s inequality”)\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.6 \u963f\u65af\u4f69\u723e\u9081\u8036 (Aspelmeyer) \u548c\u8521\u6797\u683c (Zeilinger) \u5c0f\u7d44\u7684\u6e2c\u9a57\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u5be6\u9a57<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u4e00\u500b\u7531\u5967\u5730\u5229\u548c\u6ce2\u862d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u5c0f\u7d44 [\u7531\u5967\u5730\u5229\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u963f\u65af\u4f69\u723e\u9081\u8036\uff08Aspelmeyer\uff09\u548c\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u8521\u6797\u683c\u9818\u5c0e]\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5229\u7528\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u6975\u5316\u3002\u5047\u5b9a\u4e00\u500b\u5149\u5b50\u662f\u6975\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u96fb\u78c1\u5834\u6cbf\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u632f\u52d5\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u5047\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u6975\u5316\u5c07\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\u6548\u61c9\uff1a\u7576\u4f60\u628a\u4e00\u500b\u504f\u632f\u93e1\u653e\u5728\u5149\u675f\u524d\u6642\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u9810\u6e2c\u6240\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5149\u7684\u5f37\u5ea6\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u5728\u65bc\u6975\u5316\u6e2c\u91cf\u7684\u548c\u3001\u5dee\u548c\u4e58\u7a4d\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b78\u95dc\u7cfb\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7d50\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5047\u5b9a\u5149\u5b50\u5728\u89c0\u6e2c\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u6975\u5316\uff0c\u5247\u90a3\u4e9b\u6578\u5b57\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u671f\u671b\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5047\u5b9a\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4f60\u53ea\u80fd\u7d71\u8a08\u6027\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c6c\u6027\uff0c\u5247\u8207\u9810\u8a00\u5b8c\u7f8e\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u653e\u68c4\u5ba2\u89c0\u5be6\u5728\u6027\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

4.7 \u7e3d\u7d50:<\/span>
\n\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u975e\u5b9a\u57df\u6027\u3001\u975e\u5be6\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u63a5\u8fd1\u65bc\u4e00\u771f\u6cd5\u754c\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3002<\/strong>\u91cf\u5b50\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u6027\u8868\u660e\u7269\u8cea\u5177\u6709\u6574\u9ad4\u6027\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7269\u9ad4\u5728\u51a5\u51a5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u5982\u4eba\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u727d\u4e00\u9aee\u800c\u52d5\u5168\u8eab\u3002\u5404\u90e8\u4f4d\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4e92\u901a\u4e92\u7528\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u4e00\u3001\u524d\u8a00 \u4fe1\u5805\u8fd1\u65e5\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u982d\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u4fe1\u5805\u5728\u65e9\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u7cbe\u83ef\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u6d78\u6deb\u65bc\u91cf\u5b50\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u6eff\u61f7\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u52e4\u82e6\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u6210\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u534a\u9014\u6539\u884c\uff0c\u771f\u6127\u5c0d\u5e2b\u9577\u7684\u671f\u671b\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u57fa\u790e\u7269\u7406\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u666f\u7684\u60b2\u89c0\u5224\u65b7: \u65e2\u7136\u5df2\u932f\u904e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u7684\u8ef8\u5fc3\u6642\u4ee3 (1850-1950), 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